Horizontal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus--Why Discuss When We Can Vaccinate?

Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus--why discuss when we can vaccinate?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important global health problem despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine; >350 million people worldwide are chronically infected [1]. Infection with HBV in adults most often results in self-limited, acute hepatitis that confers protective immunity and causes no further disease. In contrast, most children fail to clear the virus, resul...

Horizontal transmission of a hepatitis B virus surface antigen mutant.

The envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is referred to as the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) (8). The antigenic “a” determinant is located from residue 124 to 147 of HBsAg and is involved in eliciting antibody production. Neutralizing antibodies (anti-HBs) target the “a” determinant and generally lead to the disappearance of HBV (1). The coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs has been associate...

Why Can We See a Local Spread of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Infection?

Can we vaccinate against depression?

Major depression is common in the context of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and is frequently associated with persistently raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other markers of inflammation, even in the absence of another diagnosable immune pathology to account for these findings. Therefore immunoregulation-inducing vaccines or manipulations of the gut microbiota might prevent o...

Transplacental Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in Mazandaran Province of Iran